

Jingle bell, jingle bell, jingle bell rock
Jingle bells swing and jingle bells ring
Snowin' and blowin' up bushels of fun
Now the jingle hop has begun
Jingle bell, jingle bell, jingle bell rock
Jingle bells chime in jingle bell time
Dancin' and prancin' in Jingle Bell Square
In the frosty air
What a bright time, it's the right time
To rock the night away
Jingle bell time is a swell time
To go glidin' in a one-horse sleigh
Giddy-up jingle horse, pick up your feet
Jingle around the clock
Mix and a-mingle in the jinglin' feet
That's the jingle bell rock
Jingle bell, jingle bell, jingle bell rock
Jingle bell chime in jingle bell time
Dancin' and prancin' in Jingle Bell Square
In the frosty air
What a bright time, it's the right time
To rock the night away
Jingle bell time is a swell time
To go glidin' in a one-horse sleigh
Giddy-up jingle horse, pick up your feet
Jingle around the clock
Mix and a-mingle in the jinglin' feet
That's the jingle bell
That's the jingle bell
That's the jingle...
David Daniel Ball calls himself the Conservative Voice.
I'm a teacher with three decades experience teaching math to high school kids.I also work with first graders and kids in between first grade and high school. I know the legends of why Hypatia's dad is remembered through his contribution to Math theory. And I know the legend of why followers of Godel had thought he had disproved God's existence.
I'm not a preacher, but I am a Christian who has written over 28 books all of which include some reference to my faith. Twelve blog books on world history and current affairs, detailing world events , births and marriages on each day of the year, organised by month. Twelve books on the background to and history of Bible Quotes. One Bible quote per day for a year. An intro to a science fiction series I'm planning, post apocalyptic cyber punk. An autobiography with short story collections.
I'm known in Australia for my failure as a whistleblower over the negligence death of a school boy. ...
No. Transferring gut bacteria from an obese person into a violent criminal is not a reliable, ethical, or effective way to make them “fat, sedentary, and less of a physical threat.”
The science does not deliver the outcome you want
Mouse studies in germ-free animals showed that microbiota from obese donors can increase energy harvest and adiposity compared with lean-donor microbiota. That is the origin of the idea. Human evidence is far weaker.
Randomized trials of fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) from lean donors into people with obesity have generally failed to produce meaningful, sustained weight loss. Microbiome composition can change; body weight and metabolic markers often do not, or the effects are small and inconsistent. Diet and the existing gut environment usually dominate. A 2025 Nature paper found diet outperformed microbial transplant for microbiome recovery. Human guts are already colonized, not sterile like lab mice, so engraftment is variable and effects unpredictable.
It is not a ...
The Armistice of 11 November 1918 (also called the Armistice of Compiègne) ended active fighting in World War I on the Western Front. It was signed in the early morning of 11 November 1918 in railway carriage 2419D (a converted dining car belonging to the Compagnie des Wagons-Lits) in a siding in the Forest of Compiègne near Rethondes, France. The document was signed around 5:00–5:15 a.m.; hostilities ceased at 11:00 a.m. Paris time—the “eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month.”
Allied side (military representatives only; no political leaders were present):
German side (deliberately led by a civilian):
Foch’s famous opening exchange set the tone: when Erzberger said the Germans had come to hear Allied proposals, Foch replied that he had none to make—they must request an armistice. The Germans were given little time and essentially presented with terms to accept or reject.
By late summer 1918 the German Spring Offensive had failed and the Allied Hundred Days Offensive was driving the German army backward. Germany’s allies were collapsing (Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and Austria-Hungary sought or accepted armistices in September–October).
In early October the new German government under Prince Max of Baden asked for an armistice on the basis of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points. Wilson’s replies made clear that the Allies would impose their own military conditions. Naval mutinies began at Kiel on 3 November and spread; revolution broke out in cities across Germany. On 9 November the Kaiser abdicated, the Weimar Republic was proclaimed in Berlin, and the German government authorized Erzberger’s delegation to sign whatever was necessary to stop the fighting. The military leadership had already concluded the war was lost but wanted civilians to bear the political cost.
The armistice was harsh and effectively a military surrender. It required:
Fighting stopped at 11 a.m. on 11 November, ending more than four years of industrial-scale slaughter (roughly 16–20 million dead overall). The armistice was repeatedly extended while the Paris Peace Conference drafted the Treaty of Versailles (signed 28 June 1919), which formalized territorial losses, massive reparations, the “war guilt” clause, and severe limits on the German military.
In Germany the armistice and Versailles fueled the “stab-in-the-back” myth (Dolchstoßlegende): the claim that the undefeated army had been betrayed by civilians, socialists, and Jews at home. Erzberger, as the most visible signatory, became a prime target of right-wing propaganda. He was assassinated by nationalist extremists in the Black Forest on 26 August 1921.
The railway carriage itself became a symbol. After the war it was displayed in Paris, then returned to a specially built memorial building in the Compiègne clearing. In June 1940 Adolf Hitler deliberately used the same carriage, placed on the exact spot of 1918, for the French surrender after the Battle of France—an act of revenge. The original carriage was later taken to Germany and destroyed in 1945; a near-identical carriage of the same series (2439D, renumbered) now stands in the restored Glade of the Armistice (Clairière de l’Armistice).
11 November is observed as Armistice Day, Remembrance Day, or Veterans Day in many countries, commemorating the end of the Great War and those who died in it. The event closed one catastrophic war while planting seeds of the next through humiliation, economic strain, and political mythology.
These events cluster around November 11 (St. Martin’s Day in the traditional calendar), not November 9. The list you provided draws from sources that often group them under or near that date. Here’s a concise overview of each, with the corrected or confirmed dates and key context.Wikipedia
At Carnuntum (modern Petronell-Carnuntum, Austria, on the Danube in the Roman province of Pannonia Prima), retired Emperor Diocletian, Galerius (Augustus of the East), and Maximian (the recently returned former Western Augustus) met to stabilize the collapsing Tetrarchy amid civil wars.
They forced Maximian to abdicate permanently, declared Maxentius (Maximian’s son, controlling Italy) a usurper, elevated Galerius’s officer Licinius as the new Western Augustus (tasked with dealing with Maxentius), and relegated Constantine (already powerful in Gaul/Britain) back to Caesar. The arrangement was inconclusive; civil wars continued, paving the way for Constantine’s eventual dominance. An altar to Mithras set up by the participants is a noted historical source. The site’s ruins and reconstructed buildings are a major archaeological park today.Wikipedia
Henry I (who had seized the throne after his brother William Rufus’s death in the New Forest in August 1100) married Matilda (born Edith), daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland and St. Margaret, and a direct descendant of the Saxon king Edmund Ironside. The wedding and her coronation took place at Westminster Abbey, performed by Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury.
This union linked the Norman and Anglo-Saxon royal lines, strengthening Henry’s legitimacy among the English population. Matilda (renamed from Edith) was a pious, educated, and influential queen; their daughter became the Empress Matilda, whose struggles shaped the later Plantagenet succession.Wikipedia
Pope Innocent III convened the council (the twelfth ecumenical council, often called the “Great Council”) at the Lateran Palace in Rome. It opened on St. Martin’s Day after extensive preparation (summoned in 1213) and ran through late November, with major sessions on the 11th, 20th, and 30th.
Key outcomes included the formal definition of transubstantiation (the doctrine that the bread and wine of the Eucharist become the body and blood of Christ), reforms of clergy and Church discipline, rules on heresy, requirements for annual confession and Easter communion, measures affecting Jews and Muslims (including distinctive clothing), and a call for a new Crusade. More than 400 bishops, hundreds of abbots, and royal envoys attended—one of the most influential medieval councils.Wikipedia
Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon secretly agreed to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them (Louis taking the north including Naples itself; Ferdinand the south). Louis signed earlier at Chambord (around October 10); Ferdinand ratified it at Granada on November 11. Pope Alexander VI approved the partition.
It was part of the Italian Wars and collapsed into renewed conflict by 1503–1504, after which Spain ultimately secured Naples.Wikipedia
While anchored in what is now Provincetown Harbor near Cape Cod (blown off course from their intended Virginia destination), 41 adult male passengers of the Mayflower—including Separatist “Pilgrims” and others (“Strangers”)—signed an agreement forming a “civil body politic” and pledging to enact just and equal laws for the colony.
It was the first written framework for self-government in the territory that became the United States, based on consent of the governed and majority rule. It remained in effect until Plymouth Colony merged into Massachusetts Bay in 1691.Wikipedia
Following pressure from Anglican Bishop John Atherton (who realized the English Buggery Act of 1533 did not apply in Ireland), the Irish House of Commons passed “An Act for the Punishment for the Vice of Buggery.” It made the offense a capital felony, mirroring English law.
In a grim irony, Atherton himself was later tried and hanged under this law in 1640 (along with his steward John Childe) on charges of buggery.Historicaltoursireland.wordpress
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under Grand Hetman Jan (John) Sobieski defeated an Ottoman army under Hüseyin Pasha near the fortress of Khotyn (in present-day Ukraine). Commonwealth forces numbered roughly 29,000–30,000; the Ottomans about 35,000.
The victory reversed the unfavorable Peace of Buchach from the previous year, boosted Sobieski’s prestige (helping him win the Polish crown in 1674), and foreshadowed his later role at the Battle of Vienna (1683). Contemporary accounts note the successful use of rockets developed by Kazimierz Siemienowicz.Wikipedia
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, working in Paris, first demonstrated the use of integral calculus to find the area under the curve of y=f(x)y = f(x)y=f(x). In his private notebooks around this period (including late October), he introduced the elongated integral sign ∫\int∫ (from Latin summa) and related differential notation (dxdxdx, dydydy).
He developed calculus independently of (and nearly simultaneously with) Isaac Newton; Leibniz’s notation became the standard one still used today. He published key results in the 1680s.Mathshistory.st-andrews
The London highwayman and housebreaker Joseph Blake (alias Blueskin), known for his dark complexion and for attacking “Thief-Taker General” Jonathan Wild with a knife at the Old Bailey (slashing Wild’s throat during or after his trial), was hanged at Tyburn. He was about 24.
Blake had worked with and then against Wild and was associated with the famous jailbreaker Jack Sheppard (hanged five days later). He stopped for strong drink on the way to the gallows and was reportedly unsteady on the scaffold.Wikipedia
Riots broke out in Lhasa after Qing ambans (imperial representatives) assassinated the expected Tibetan regent Gyurme Namgyal. The mob killed both ambans, dozens of Qing soldiers, and Chinese civilians. The uprising was short-lived; order was restored under the Dalai Lama’s influence within days, and Qing control over Tibet was later tightened.Wikipedia
The F.H.C. Society (later nicknamed the Flat Hat Club) was founded at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia (often linked to meetings at Raleigh Tavern). It is recognized as the first collegiate secret society / fraternity in what became the United States.
Membership was limited (initially to a small number of students); it emphasized friendship, discussion, and fellowship. Notable members included Thomas Jefferson. It faded in the Revolutionary era but inspired later societies (including influences on Phi Beta Kappa, founded at the same college in 1776). A silver membership medal survives in collections.Wikipedia
During the American Revolutionary War, a force of Loyalists (Butler’s Rangers), British troops, and Seneca (and other Iroquois) warriors under Walter Butler and Joseph Brant attacked the fort and settlement at Cherry Valley in eastern New York.
Despite warnings, the American commander (Col. Ichabod Alden) was poorly prepared (headquarters outside the fort). More than 40 soldiers and civilians were killed (including Alden); dozens were taken captive. Seneca warriors in particular targeted non-combatants. The raid contributed to the Continental Congress ordering the 1779 Sullivan Expedition against Iroquois villages.Archive
These events span Roman imperial politics, medieval church and monarchy, early modern diplomacy and mathematics, colonial self-government, and frontier warfare. Several are tied to November 11 specifically because of the liturgical calendar or simply coincidence in the historical record. If you’d like deeper detail, primary-source excerpts, maps, or images on any particular one, just say which.
The Cult of Reason and the Festival of Reason (November 1793) marked the peak of the radical dechristianization campaign during the French Revolution’s Reign of Terror. It was a short-lived, atheistic civic religion promoted mainly by radical Parisian figures (especially the Hébertists) as a replacement for Catholicism.
Dechristianization had been building since the fall of the monarchy in 1792 and intensified in autumn 1793. Key precursors included:
The movement was driven by both top-down radical leadership in Paris and spontaneous or encouraged activity in the departments. It reflected Enlightenment anti-clericalism mixed with the wartime radicalism and suspicion of the Church as a royalist/counter-revolutionary force.
The largest and most symbolic event took place at Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, renamed the Temple of Reason. Chaumette and the Commune organized it; Hébert and Momoro supervised aspects of the nationwide effort.
The cult was anthropocentric and civic rather than strictly theological: it honored reason, liberty, philosophy, and the people, while rejecting Christian dogma and idolatry (hence the use of living women rather than statues).
The Cult of Reason spread quickly in late 1793–early 1794 but collapsed almost as fast:
The episode is often cited as an extreme example of revolutionary cultural radicalism and the attempt to replace traditional religion with state-sponsored civic morality. It lasted only a few months at its height and is remembered more for its theatrical symbolism at Notre-Dame than for lasting institutional success.
These are notable historical events traditionally linked to November 8 (or closely associated with early-to-mid November) in various “On This Day” compilations. Several are more precisely dated to November 10 in standard sources (calendar differences, Chinese/Julian vs. Gregorian conventions, or rounding can account for the slight offsets). Here is concise context for each:
937 – Founding of Southern Tang (Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period)
Li Bian (also known earlier as Xu Zhigao or Xu Gao), the powerful adopted successor of the Wu regent Xu Wen, forced the abdication of the last Wu emperor, Yang Pu. He took the throne (initially styling his state Qi, later renaming it Tang to claim continuity with the fallen Tang dynasty) and became the first ruler of Southern Tang (capital at Jinling, modern Nanjing). Southern Tang became one of the more culturally refined and relatively stable of the southern states during this fragmented era. Li Bian later formally changed his name and asserted descent from the Tang imperial house.
1202 – Siege of Zara (Zadar) begins, Fourth Crusade
The Fourth Crusade fleet (Venetian ships carrying French and other Western European crusaders) arrived at Zara (modern Zadar, Croatia), a Christian city under Hungarian protection that Venice wanted to recapture. Despite explicit papal letters from Innocent III forbidding attacks on fellow Christians and threatening excommunication, the crusaders (pressed by debts owed to Venice for transport) began the siege. It was the first major action of the crusade and the first attack by Catholic crusaders on a Catholic city; the city fell later in November after a short siege. The episode foreshadowed the later diversion to and sack of Constantinople (1204).
1293 – Raden Wijaya crowned, founding of Majapahit
After outmaneuvering the Mongol-Yuan expedition that had arrived in Java (initially allying with them against his rival Jayakatwang of Kediri, then turning on the weakened Mongols and driving them out), Raden Wijaya (Nararya Sangramawijaya) was crowned as the first monarch of the Majapahit kingdom. He took the regnal name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. Majapahit, centered in eastern Java (around modern Trowulan/Mojokerto), grew into a major maritime and cultural power in the Indonesian archipelago.
1444 – Battle of Varna
A crusading army led by King Władysław III of Poland (also king of Hungary as Ulaszlo I), with the Hungarian commander John Hunyadi, was defeated by Ottoman forces under Sultan Murad II near Varna on the Black Sea coast (in modern Bulgaria). Władysław was killed in a charge against the Janissaries. The defeat ended the last major medieval crusading effort to roll back Ottoman power in the Balkans and helped clear the path for the later Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (1453).
1580 – Massacre at Dún an Óir (Siege of Smerwick)
After a three-day siege during the Second Desmond Rebellion, English forces under Lord Deputy Arthur Grey (Baron Grey de Wilton) captured the fort at Dún an Óir (Smerwick Harbour, County Kerry, Ireland). A mixed force of several hundred papal-backed Italian and Spanish troops (plus some Irish allies) who had landed to support the Catholic rebels surrendered; most were then executed (beheaded or otherwise killed). The episode is remembered as a particularly brutal episode in Elizabethan Ireland.
1659 – Battle of Pratapgarh (Pratapgad)
Maratha leader Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj killed the Bijapur (Adilshahi) general Afzal Khan during a meeting near Pratapgarh fort in Maharashtra. Shivaji’s forces then routed the larger Adilshahi army. The victory is widely regarded as the first major military success of Shivaji’s bid for independent rule (swarajya) and a key early step in the rise of Maratha power against the Deccan sultanates and later the Mughals.
1674 – Treaty of Westminster and cession of New Netherland
The Treaty of Westminster (signed 19 February 1674, effective shortly afterward) ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War. As part of the settlement, the Netherlands formally ceded the colony of New Netherland (which the Dutch had briefly retaken in 1673) back to England. The territory, centered on New Amsterdam, became the English colony of New York.
1702 – Siege of St. Augustine begins (Queen Anne’s War)
English colonial forces from Carolina under Governor James Moore, with Native American allies, arrived and began besieging Spanish St. Augustine (Castillo de San Marcos) in Spanish Florida. The Spanish withdrew civilians and supplies into the fort; English artillery failed to breach its walls. The siege was lifted in late December after a Spanish relief force arrived from Havana.
1766 – Charter of Queen’s College (later Rutgers University)
William Franklin, the last royal governor of New Jersey (and Benjamin Franklin’s son), signed the charter establishing Queen’s College in New Brunswick. Named for Queen Charlotte, consort of George III, it was the eighth college founded in the American colonies. It later became Rutgers University.
1775 – Founding of the Continental Marines (U.S. Marine Corps)
The Second Continental Congress resolved to raise two battalions of Marines. Samuel Nicholas was commissioned to raise them; tradition holds that the first recruiting took place at Tun Tavern in Philadelphia (with tavern manager Robert Mullan as chief recruiter). November 10 is still celebrated as the official birthday of the U.S. Marine Corps.
1793 – Goddess of Reason proclaimed (Cult of Reason)
During the radical phase of the French Revolution and the dechristianization campaign, the National Convention (at the urging of figures such as Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette) inaugurated the Cult of Reason. A Festival of Reason was held at Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris (renamed the Temple of Reason), featuring a living woman as the “Goddess of Reason.” Churches across France were similarly transformed; the cult was short-lived and later replaced by Robespierre’s Cult of the Supreme Being.
The Seventeenth Council of Toledo (9 November 694) was the climax of Visigothic anti-Jewish legislation under King Egica. It ordered the enslavement of virtually all Jews in the kingdom (except in Narbonensis/Septimania), confiscation of their property, and the removal of their children for Christian upbringing. Enforcement was uneven and short-lived because the Visigothic kingdom itself collapsed soon afterward.
The Visigoths were originally Arian Christians. King Reccared’s conversion and the Third Council of Toledo (589) made Catholicism the state religion and aligned the crown with the Catholic bishops. From that point, religious unity became a political goal.
Successive kings and councils issued anti-Jewish measures:
By the 680s–690s the kingdom was weakening: noble revolts, fiscal problems, and external pressures. In 693 Egica faced a serious conspiracy centered on Bishop Sisebert. Around the same time he introduced stricter economic and religious controls on Jews (including new tax burdens and limits on trade with Christians). The Seventeenth Council marked the final escalation—from forced conversion to outright enslavement.
Egica opened the council by claiming he had learned of an international Jewish conspiracy: Jews in Hispania were allegedly coordinating with Jews under Muslim rule in North Africa to overthrow Christian rulers and destroy Christianity. The bishops endorsed the charge.
The council issued eight canons. Most dealt with ecclesiastical discipline (fasting before synods, sealing baptismal fonts in Lent, restoring the washing of feet on Maundy Thursday, protecting church property, condemning Masses said to hasten someone’s death, ordering litanies for Church/king/people, and renewing laws protecting the royal family).
Canon 8 was the decisive anti-Jewish measure:
Other provisions protected Egica’s queen and children after his death and ordered prayers for them—reflecting the known dangers of Visigothic successions.
Contemporary and later sources indicate that the decree was not uniformly enforced. In some areas it was applied; in others (especially where Jews were economically important) it was ignored or only partially carried out. By this stage Visigothic central authority was already eroding, so many local lords and towns simply did not implement it.
Egica died around 701–703. His son Wittiza succeeded him. The Visigothic kingdom collapsed in 711–714 under the Umayyad (Muslim) invasion led by Tariq ibn Ziyad and Musa ibn Nusayr. The rapid conquest was aided by internal divisions; some Visigothic nobles (including, according to tradition, a son of Egica named Oppas) cooperated with the invaders.
Under Muslim rule the remaining Jewish communities in Iberia generally fared better than they had under the late Visigoths. Many Jews who had fled earlier restrictions or who survived the enslavement order found greater religious and economic freedom under the new rulers (as dhimmis). The Seventeenth Council’s measures therefore marked the end of organized Jewish life under Visigothic Catholic rule rather than a permanent demographic catastrophe. The broader pattern of forced conversion and persecution in late Visigothic Spain is widely seen by historians as one factor that weakened social cohesion just before the Muslim conquest.
In short, the 694 council was the most extreme expression of a century-long Visigothic policy of religious homogenization. It was driven by Egica’s combination of personal hostility, fear of conspiracy, and desire for fiscal and political control, but it was only partially implemented before the kingdom itself disappeared.
These are the historical events traditionally listed for 9 November.
Here is a concise overview of the ones you listed, with context:
These span Visigothic religious persecution, medieval power struggles in Central and Southeastern Europe, the Swedish break from Denmark, the founding of English America, the Glorious Revolution, and the end of the French Revolutionary Directory. Several (Stockholm Bloodbath, Mayflower, 18 Brumaire, and the Council of Toledo) are especially well-known for their long-term consequences.
